His regime assisted Italian unification by defeating the Austrian Empire in the Franco-Austrian War, and as its deferred reward later annexed Savoy and the County of Nice. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War (1853–56). He was a supporter of popular sovereignty and of nationalism. In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. The first women students were admitted at the Sorbonne and educational opportunities for women were increased, as did the list of required subjects in public schools. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize.
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Napoleon III negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier free trade agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. He promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made France an agricultural exporter. Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, expanded and consolidated the French railway system, and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon and other French cities. Napoleon III commissioned the grand reconstruction of Paris, carried out by his prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. He worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of Paris, expanded the overseas empire, and engaged in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence.
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He founded the Second French Empire and was its only emperor until the defeat of the French army and his capture by Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he seized power in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be re-elected, and became the Emperor of the French. Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873), the nephew of Napoleon I, was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last French monarch from 1852 to 1870.